Autistic spectrum

The Autistic spectrum (also referred to as the Autism spectrum) is a developmental and behavioral condition that results from combinations of characteristically autistic traits, including differences in social interaction, communication, interests, imagination and activities.

All of these traits are found in the neurotypical population, but Autistic people have these traits to a greater extent and in combinations that neurotypical people do not, and to an extent in some instances that it is seen as a disability instead of only a personality trait.

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10), Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) were classified as pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), as opposed to "specific developmental disorders" like dyslexia or dysgraphia. In the DSM-5 the Spectrum was defined under this name alone.

Causes
There is currently no formal agreement on the causes of Autism. However, most researchers believe that there is an underlying genetic element involved in the development of the Autistic spectrum. Researchers have studied a wide range of possible genetic and environmental causes. Since Autistic individuals are all somewhat different from one another, there are likely multiple "causes" that interact with each other in subtle and complex ways, and thus give slightly differing outcomes in each individual.

In 2001, the National Institutes of Health identified regions of four chromosomes that are linked with Autism. One other description of the causes of Autism also elaborates this along with a little more comprehensive causes in these words: "The disorder seems to be related to abnormalities in several regions of the brain. Researchers have identified a number of gene defects associated with autism."

Scientists have newly identified a protein gene which they call CACNA1G. It is more common in boys than girls although researchers have no idea why yet. Given that many autistic adults end up having Autistic children, a genetic link is likely. It is also believed to be linked to certain structural differences in the brain, supporting the concept of Neurodiversity.

Phil Gluyas believes that the behaviors are inherited from parents who have at least one of the behaviors in the criteria but not all, and that all human beings have at least one behavioral trait.

Other theories involve a connection to immune system dysfunction. Children on the Autistic spectrum demonstrated increased frequency of immunologic abnormalities including signs of elevated innate and humoral immunity. This theory has not been substantiated however.

Finding the cause of this condition is a controversial task, as many people on the spectrum and their loved ones worry that this will worsen the already heavy stigma and lead to eugenic abortion. The UN "call[s] for caution about enthusiastic attempts to find the causes of autism... through sophisticated but not necessarily ethical research." Advocates argue that money should instead be spend on bettering the lives of autistic people.

Vaccines and mercury have been conclusively proven not to cause autism.

Hereditary or genetic?
Hereditary means that a disorder is passed on from one generation to another. Genetic means that a disorder is due to an difference in the genes, the molecules that carry information about how our cells should run.

Genes are carried on structures called chromosomes. We get half of our genes from our mother (in the egg) and half from our father (in the sperm). If one of our parents has a disorder that they pass in their genes to us, then this is hereditary. If a difference (genetic) occurs for the first time in the genes of the egg or sperm, this is still genetic, but it was not inherited.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is both hereditary and genetic. Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is one genetic cause of seizures and developmental delays but there is no proven link to causing Autism.

If one identical twin has Autism, there is a 90% chance that the other twin will also have development "on the spectrum". Fraternal twins are much more like siblings. If one fraternal twin has Autism, there is about a 7% chance that the other twin will also have Autism.

Parents and siblings of children with autism may have what is referred to as the Broader Autism Phenotype (BAP). This refers to the observation that these close relatives of people with autism often have some autistic characteristics, but not enough to cause significant disability. Parents may have some degree of social anxiety, obsessive-compulsive traits, or difficulty with conversation or storytelling. There are likely multiple genetic factors that lead to the development of autism.

Diagnosing
Every diagnostic appointment with a specialist represents the convergence of three stories:

1) The child, who comes to the appointment with a certain history and in a certain frame of mind, more or less willing to interact; 2) The parents, who come with their own story and their own willingness or ability to relate that story; 3) The diagnostician, who may be a physician, child psychologist or special educator, who also comes with their own training and experience, and the willingness or ability to listen to or elicit that story.

Autism is a clinical diagnosis, based on history and observations. It cannot be confirmed with the certainty of disorders like juvenile diabetes or Down syndrome. There are Autism-specific diagnostic tests, but they, too, rely on excellent observations of a child's behaviors at a particular point in time.

Physicians use the diagnostic criteria from the DSM-5.

Educators may use different criteria in order to diagnose "Educational Autism." This is not a formal diagnosis, which can only be made by a psychologist or psychiatrist.

Autistic traits
Behaviorally, a minimum number of characteristics identify the autism spectrum in combination. These traits can be beneficial for some disciplines like science, mathematics, engineering, and software if they are developed correctly. Some Autistic individuals may show a marked proficiency in rote memorization which would help learn the foundation of these subjects; however, the exceptionally good aptitude (in these subjects) of some Autistic people may be due to their ability to readily identify patterns and apply them consistently to new situations outside of established knowledge or teaching.

Common Characteristics

 * Stimming and other atypical movements — self-stimulatory behavior such as rocking, flapping, finger flicking, echolalia, and more; unusual facial expressions; difficulty with movements such as dyspraxia
 * Communication differences and struggles — may learn to speak later or not at all, may rely upon echolalia or AAC, may use language in unique ways
 * Unusual responses to sensory input — hypersensitivity, hyposensitivity, sensory seeking, and sensory avoiding
 * Unusual development for age — cannot relate easily to same-age peers, likes things that usually younger or older people like (e.g. a child who loves astrophysics or an adult who watches cartoons), difficulty transitioning to adulthood at expected age
 * Special interests — deeply passionate about certain subject matters or objects (e.g. cats, calculus, red strings, or a TV show), may frequently share information about this subject matter
 * Need for routine and order — easily upset by schedule changes, loves to organize things, thrives upon a structured routine and may drift aimlessly without one. This may require assistance as Autistics can be easily distracted and therefore disorganized and susceptible to meltdowns.
 * Difficulties with socializing — struggling to understand others' perspectives, parallel play, not understanding social norms (e.g. not saying "hi" after another person says "hi")
 * Comorbid conditions — dyspraxia, anxiety, depression, epilepsy, ADHD, and more

Social differences

 * Restricted ability to make friends
 * Does not understand others' feelings in some or all situations unless they are fully explained
 * Seen as socially awkward
 * Indiscriminate social interaction
 * Eye contact is inconsistent
 * Brief response to questions, or overly detailed
 * Socially naive
 * Varying low levels of empathy

Language differences

 * Odd or monotonous prosody of speech
 * Overly formal and pedantic language
 * Echolalia
 * Pronoun reversal
 * Visual thinking sometimes preferred
 * Use of rote chunks of language
 * Late or no development of spoken language
 * Difficulty or inability to translate thoughts into words
 * Poor use and understanding of nonverbal communication (i.e., facial expressions and body language)
 * Taking things literally
 * Delayed reaction to questions and other spoken words

Imaginative differences and repetitive adherence

 * Concrete and literal use of language
 * Difficulty with figurative language, metaphors and symbolism
 * Preference for routine
 * Focus on parts rather than whole; detail-oriented; may miss aspects of the whole
 * Intensely passionate special interests

Sensory sensitivity

 * Hyper- or hyposensitivity of the various senses
 * Peculiar clothing and food preferences
 * Stimming
 * Fine or gross motor discoordination

Treatment
Autism cannot be cured or eliminated. However, therapy and accommodations can help each individual Autistic person manage their symptoms and live a happy life.

Because every Autistic person is unique, treatments will depend on their individual symptoms. Generally, these treatments and interventions involve the following:


 * Therapy involving behavior and communications: A number of programs are available to manage the problems associated with autism. Such programs focus on managing and reducing behavioral problems and improving learning skills. Some programs, such as RDI, address struggles pertaining to social and communication skills.


 * Complementary therapies: In a number of cases, some sort of complementary approaches are also applied with the above treatment. Such complementary approaches include art therapy, music therapy, special diets, vitamin and mineral supplements, and sensory integration — which focuses on reducing a child's hypersensitivity to all five senses and also the sixth sense, instinct. Some of these therapies are still in experimental stage, and their effect on autism has not been conclusively proved.


 * Drug therapies: There are no medications of any description that can treat the condition itself. The only use medications have, and this must be done through a properly qualified psychiatrist, is to control symptoms that are co-morbid with Autism and clash with the condition causing lower functioning levels and some extreme behaviors that endanger the child's or adult's physical safety.

Helping
There are dedicated facilities for children on the Autistic spectrum. However, most children on the high end of the spectrum flourish in a regular education setting with adequate support from parents, teachers, and their classmates through IEP's. Some children at the high end attend special schools dedicated to train and teach children with Autism (and other learning disabilities) - such as the Village Glen School in Los Angeles, California. However, the current mindset is that the Inclusion Model is a best practice for those on the high end of the spectrum.

There are a variety of ways that parents and caregivers can help children with the condition at the high end.


 * Children should be encouraged to learn to develop a self-help attitude. This will help the affected children to face life confidently, and face life with more independence.
 * Parents should explore the possibilities of getting training and counseling from experts to learn about ways to support the child. The work of autistic writers can offer special insights into what their child experiences and how to help.
 * The child should be treated as the part of the family unit, and his/her requirements should also remain in focus alongside the requirements of other family members. This will make the child's position "normal" within the family, and may encourage him/her to participate in the family affairs to the maximum extent possible.
 * The child should be able to express their own social goals, and to speak up if something is hurting or troubling them, and not fear contempt for such speech.
 * No shortcut method or treatment should be selected for the child. It is always better to have treatments and training programs with long term outlook to guide the long term development of the affected child.
 * Apart from the expert advice, it is also necessary for the parents to try to get support, say from members of their community, such as neighbors and friends. There may be support programs available that are sponsored by the local government, hospitals, voluntary organizations and so on. This is also helpful as others may not be aware about the special needs of the affected child. Seeking such support will alert their friends and neighbors about the special needs of the affected child.
 * Parents should realize that they will need to advocate for their child to foster acceptance, tolerance and education to the rest of society.

For children who are not at the high end of the spectrum, there are options in early interventions to raise the child's functioning level. However these interventions do not follow a pattern and are very much hit and miss.

Spectrum
The word spectrum conjures the notion of a continuum, such as a rectangle that transitions from white to black, or high to low functioning. This would be a serious oversimplification.

Autism has many different potential symptoms. Each autistic person may experience each symptom differently, and may not not have all of the symptoms. Autism has been compared to...
 * An ice cream bar with various toppings (e.g: Tumblr post)
 * A complex color wheel (e.g: as explained by a Rebecca Burgess comic)
 * A field

Autism organizations may use rainbows to symbolize the diversity of people on the spectrum and hope for acceptance and support.

When comparing the Spectrum to the neurotypical community, Autism can be seen in contrast in the following ways;


 * An aeroplane and a helicopter
 * Computers operating with Windows and with Linux (Autistic and Society - An angry change of perspective, Volume 2: Support for Autistic?)